APA Documentation

APA Parenthetical Citation

APA (American Psychological Association) is the format preferred by those in academic disciplines like the social sciences and the physical sciences.

Running text

If the author's name does not appear in the running text (also used for paraphrasing)

Example:

Running text here,"Ole Wurm, a Danish professor and a 'zoologist and antiquarian of high attainment,' delivered a speech in Copenhagen in which he made the same connection" (Lopez, 1986, p.128).

If the author's name appears in the running text

Example:

According to Lopez (1986), "Ole Wurm, a Danish professor and a 'zoologist and antiquarian of high attainment,' delivered a speech in Copenhagen in which he made the same connection" (p. 128).

 

Blocked-in text

If the author's name does not appear in the running text

Example:

Traditionally, in Europe, the unicorn was thought to have been a mysterious animal, but then in the 17th century:

The first European...was the cartographer Gerhard Mercator who clearly identified the narwhal as the source of the unicorn's horn in 1621. In 1638, Ole Wurm, a Danish professor and a "zoologist and antiquarian of high attainment," delivered a speech in Copenhagen in which he made the same connection. (Lopez, 1986, p. 128)
 

If the author's name appears in the running text,

Example:

According to Lopez (1986), traditionally, in Europe, the unicorn was thought to have been a mysterious animal, but then in the 17th century:


The first European...was the cartographer Gerhard Mercator who clearly identified the narwhal as the source of the unicorn's horn in 1621. In 1638, Ole Wurm, a Danish professor and a "zoologist and antiquarian of high attainment," delivered a speech in Copenhagen in which he made the same connection. (p. 128)
 

°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°

Works Cited

Lopez, Barry. (1986). Arctic Dreams. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

If the writer has used more than one source from an author,

Example:

Traditionally, in Europe, the unicorn was thought to have been a mysterious animal, but then in the 17th century:

The first European...was the cartographer Gerhard Mercator who clearly identified the narwhal as the source of the unicorn's horn in 1621. In 1638, Ole Wurm, a Danish professor and a "zoologist and antiquarian of high attainment," delivered a speech in Copenhagen in which he made the same connection. (Lopez, 1986, 128)
 

°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°

Works Cited

Lopez, Barry. (1986). Arctic Dreams. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Lopez, Barry. (1982). Crow and Weasel. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

 Genre  In-text citation  Works Cited page
Book (with one author)

(Curdihue, 1986, p. 134)

* number refers to the page where info was found

 Curdihue, Everett. (1986). God's Trivia vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Two or three authors of a single work (Smith, Jones and Gorsebush, 1944, p. 74) Smith, Forrest, Jones, L. and Gorsebush, Alfred. (1944) The Last Time I Used Soap. New York: Norton, .
Two or more works by a single author (Johnson, 1995, p. 49) Johnson, Zeno. (1995). Earwaxing the Moustache and Other Remedies. Ithaca: Firebrand.
Article in a Journal Paginated by Volume (Agoramor, 1974, p. 156) Agoramor, João. (1974). A Teenager's Impulse to Love. The Journal of Adolescent Angst Vol. 94, 154-161.
Article in a Monthly Magazine (Kuchenleck, 1995, p. 135)

 

Kuchenleck, Otto. (1995, Mar.). Whee! It's Your Birthday. Fortune, 130-138.

Article in a Newspaper (Greatneck, 1998, p. F2) Greatneck, Ralph. (1998, Jan. 14). The Perils of Shopping for Upscale Garments in Istanbul." Minneapolis Star-Tribune, pp. F1, F2.
Unknown author ("Simple Truths I Learned from Dog Grooming," 1967, p. 32) Simple Truths I Learned from Dog Grooming. (1967, June 14). New York Times Review of Books, p. 32.
Quoting a source's quotation (indirect source) (qtd. in Liebling, 1995, p. 234) Liebling, Howard. (1995). The Essentials of Managing Closet Space. New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux.
More than one work in a single citation (Bodice, 1991, p. 15; Girdogut, 1987, p. 187)

Bodice, Elaine. (1991) Sucking it in; Blowing it out. Boston: Houghton, .

Girdogut, Donna. (1987) Eats Just Like a Lady. New York: St. Martin's, .

Selection in an anthology (Westinghouse, 1994) Westinghouse, Tex. (1994). A Boot in the Road Means The Clouds Have Fallen (192-213). In Yodelkin, Teddy (Ed.), An Anthology of Literature about Tumbleweeds. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Web site (personal or professional) (Fritter, 2001, para. 7)

Fritter, Abigail. (July 16, 2001)*.Wasting Time, Losing Weight, and Getting Rid of Your Fortune. Institute of Nihilism Studies. Retrieved Nov. 12, 2001. http://www.nihilism.com.

* denotes date of publication/posting (if available)

Unauthored Web site ("Training the Mind to Lie and the Face to Smile, 1999, para.4)

"Training the Mind to Lie and the Face to Smile" (Feb. 14, 1991)* Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved Nov 19, 1999. http://www.cia.gov/trainingmanual/children.html

* denotes date of publication/posting (if available)

Article in an online periodical (Musselman, 1999, para. 12)

Musselman, Arthur. (Feb. 9, 1999)*. "Hate Crimes Against the Obese: Fat or Friction?" Salon . Retrieved July 15, 2000 http://www.salon.com/090299/medical/humanity.

* denotes date of publication/posting (if available)

Online scholarly project or reference database  (Luckman, 1988, para. 22) 

Luckiman, Arno. (June 13, 1998).*"Playing Dice and Public Humiliation." Gamblers Anonymous Newsletter. Ed. Ebscohost. Retrieved Apr. 17, 2000, from EBSCOHOST

* denotes date of publication/posting (if available)

Online book 

(Runs With Wolves 1890, p. 134*)

* (only if page numbers are present. If not, use para. 134)

Runs With Wolves, Keith. (1890). Letters to a Dreaming Sasquatch. New York: Scribner's. Project Bartleby Archive. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. Dec. 1995*. Columbia U. Retrieved February 2, 1998. http:www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/runswithwolves.html#3.

* denotes date of publication/posting (if available)

for NetLibrary

Runs With Wolves, Keith. (1890). Letters to a Dreaming Sasquatch. New York: Scribner's. Retrieved February 2, 1998. http://www.netlibrary.com

Posting to a discussion group  (Longernoo, 2000, para. 17) 

Longernoo, Olive. (July 11, 2000).*Twelve Opinions on Longevity and Eating Jell-O. Retrieved Aug.21, 2001. news://comp.edu.longevity.

* denotes date of publication/posting (if available)

Email (Kermit Ed BiFrenz, personal communication, May 18, 1998) No Listing (no archive possible; therefore, no listing)
Letter (Bill Tillast personal communication, April 28, 1965) No Listing (no archive possible; therefore, no listing)
Personal Interview (Fata personal interview, Oct. 3, 2001) No Listing (no archive possible; therefore, no listing)
Sound Recording  (Bellringers of Minsk, 1988, track 10) Bellringers of Minsk. (1985). The Breadline Concerto. op. 4. Harmonia Mundi.
Advertisement  (Dutch Love Handles, 2000, advertisement) Dutch Love Handles. (Feb. 2000) Advertisement. Grips Magazine. p. 82.
Television Show (Stop Signs as Targets, 2000, television program) Stop Signs as Targets. (Sept. 14, 2000). The Urban Hunter. ABB Broadcasting Co. Houston.